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Human Exploration: Past, Present, and Future
Apollo missions, robotic probes, and plans for lunar and Martian outposts Humanity’s Reach Beyond Earth For thousands of years, the night sky captivated our ancestors. But only in the 20th...
Human Exploration: Past, Present, and Future
Apollo missions, robotic probes, and plans for lunar and Martian outposts Humanity’s Reach Beyond Earth For thousands of years, the night sky captivated our ancestors. But only in the 20th...
Potential Habitable Zones Beyond Earth
Subsurface oceans of moons (e.g., Europa, Enceladus) and the quest for biosignatures Rethinking Habitability For decades, planetary scientists primarily sought habitable environments on Earth-like terrestrial surfaces, presumably in the “goldilocks...
Potential Habitable Zones Beyond Earth
Subsurface oceans of moons (e.g., Europa, Enceladus) and the quest for biosignatures Rethinking Habitability For decades, planetary scientists primarily sought habitable environments on Earth-like terrestrial surfaces, presumably in the “goldilocks...
Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud
Reservoirs of icy bodies and long-period comets at the fringes of the solar system The Outer Solar System’s Icy Frontier For centuries, observers regarded Jupiter’s orbit as the approximate boundary...
Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud
Reservoirs of icy bodies and long-period comets at the fringes of the solar system The Outer Solar System’s Icy Frontier For centuries, observers regarded Jupiter’s orbit as the approximate boundary...
The Red Giant Phase: Fate of the Inner Planets
Possible engulfment of Mercury and Venus, and uncertain prospects for Earth Life Beyond the Main Sequence Stars like our Sun spend the bulk of their lifetimes on the main sequence,...
The Red Giant Phase: Fate of the Inner Planets
Possible engulfment of Mercury and Venus, and uncertain prospects for Earth Life Beyond the Main Sequence Stars like our Sun spend the bulk of their lifetimes on the main sequence,...
Planetary Climate Cycles
Milankovitch cycles, axial tilt changes, and orbital eccentricities influencing long-term climate shifts The Orbital Framework of Climate While short-term weather is modulated by local atmospheric processes, long-term climate emerges from...
Planetary Climate Cycles
Milankovitch cycles, axial tilt changes, and orbital eccentricities influencing long-term climate shifts The Orbital Framework of Climate While short-term weather is modulated by local atmospheric processes, long-term climate emerges from...
Planetary Orbits and Resonances
How gravitational interactions shape orbital eccentricities, resonances (e.g., Jupiter’s Trojan asteroids) Why Orbital Dynamics Matter Planets, moons, asteroids, and other bodies move within a star’s gravitational field, each body also...
Planetary Orbits and Resonances
How gravitational interactions shape orbital eccentricities, resonances (e.g., Jupiter’s Trojan asteroids) Why Orbital Dynamics Matter Planets, moons, asteroids, and other bodies move within a star’s gravitational field, each body also...